Thinking and learning american psychological association. Arguments against a configural processing account of. Pdf in two causal learning experiments with human participants, the. Role of featural and configural information in familiar and. Introduction to online teaching and learning joshua stern, ph. To evaluate how newborn rabbits can extract and respond to information from the highly complex chemical surroundings, and how experience acts on this sensory, cognitive and behavioural capability, we ran a study in four steps including a total of. It involves the identification of general structure of the game at a certain moment and the role of the configural concept therein.
Introduction the ability of animals to recognise and adapt to patterns of stimuli and to form causal links in. This suggests that learning a face actually involves learning the range of variability that it can adopt rather than learning highly specific representations of distances between features. A role for the hippocampus in configural reinforcement learning. The idea is to apply felix keins erlangen program from geometry to psychology and to carry out a comparative study of recent researches in associative learning so as to identify the symmetries of behaviour. To evaluate how newborn rabbits can extract and respond to information from the highly complex chemical surroundings, and how experience acts on this sensory, cognitive and behavioural capability, we ran a study in four steps including a total of eight experiments. Top content on definition and pdf as selected by the elearning learning community. A first attempt to study configural learning in freeflying honeybees was made by couvillon and bitterman 1988. Configural definition of configural by merriamwebster. The roles of featural and configural face processing in. A configural theory of associative learning is described that is based on the assumption that conditioning results in associations between the unconditione. Most learning theorists concur that some sort of configural representation system is required for animals to solve certain compound discriminations. They trained bees to solve a negative and a positive patterning discrimination using stimuli of two different modalities, a green ring color and a peppermint scent odor. Elemental models assume that each perceptual element is capable of acquiring associative strength independently of other elements.
Role of featural and configural information in familiar. Perhaps the most critical shift in learning theory during the past 20 years has been a move away from a conception of learning as passive absorption of information to a conception of learning as the active engagement of meaning. The conditions for inputs to learning are clear, but the process is incomplete without making sense of what outputs constitute learning has taken place. The purpose of this largescale project is to determine and quantify the nature of the processes involved in configural or face processing and to investigate how various aspects of face processing change with development.
This theory has become largely independent of its author frederic vester. At the core, learning is a process that results in a change in knowledge or behavior as a result of experience. A lot less is known about their contribution to emotion recognition. The role of the hippocampal formation in learning, memory, and amnesia. Within the past decade it has had a major impact on postsecondary education and the trend is only increasing. Indicates hippocampus is not necessary for configural learning, but is involved. The study of associative learning in psychology has specialised in two subfields. Critically, subjects could only solve the task by learning the outcomes associated with specific shapelocation i. Arguments against a configural processing account of familiar. Several studies investigated the role of featural and configural information when processing facial identity. Evaluation and development of a connectionist theory of configural. A pedagogic hypothesis put to the test the learning type theory maintains that the individual learning performance of pupils is enhanced by taking into consideration the different channels of perception. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the modified achievement goal questionnaire across african american and white university students.
Associative learning, behaviour, symmetries, groups, groupoids. Although a detailed understanding remains elusive, face recognition is widely thought to rely on configural processing, specifically an analysis of spatial relations between facial features socalled secondorder configurations. Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, and preferences. Only when the child is offered some form of reinforcement for completing the problem does this learning reveal itself. Configural processing psychology university of southampton. The individualized learning system s the demand lor qualified individuals to serve in business, industry, government, and academic institutions in creases, so the need for educating and train ing these people becomes greater and greater. Students beliefs or perceptions about intelligence and ability affect their cognitive functions and learning. We define this relationship as configural learning, using the term as defined by sutherland and.
Nov 21, 2002 using psychophysics we investigated to what extent human face recognition relies on local information in parts featural information and on their spatial relations configural information. As an alternative strategy to distinguish the effects of learning from other factors that could affect behavior, authors often attach various riders to behavioral definitions of learning to constrain the definition. Configural learning in human pavlovian conditioning. Department of psychology, university of north carolina, chapel hill, nc. Earlier theories of learning viewed it as a passive process, and much of school. In terms of learning, configural concepts become noticed and valued through a process in. Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event e. According to the perceptual learning theory, being presented with a stimulus for example, faces or cars more often makes that stimulus easier to recognise in the future. Elemental and configural olfactory perception allows interaction with the environment from very early in life. Perceptual learning is a common alternative explanation to the configural processing hypothesis for the face inversion effect. The use of a configural concept depends on the goal that an individual is pursuing in a chess game. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines.
Individuals can recognize family members, friends, and acquaintances over a very large range of conditions, and yet the processes by which they do this remain poorly understood, despite decades of research. Learning leads to change in behavior or behavior potential. Models that incorporate the idea that attention modulates associative strength. If configural learning enhances relational learning, then configural learning might develop somewhat earlier than relational learning and provide evidence for synergism between these two types of learning.
A formal account of the relationship between attention and associative learning is presented within the framework of a configural theory of. Contemporary theories of animal learning propose that memory for a specific event can be based upon either an elemental network of associations, a configural associative network or a hybrid of these possibilities. Second, configural theories abandon the summation principle. Learning definition is the act or experience of one that learns. Top content on definition, learning and pdf as selected by the elearning learning community.
Characteristics of preservice primary school teachers. Since different compounds are represented separately, these. In psychology, latent learning refers to knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it. Only when the child is offered some form of reinforcement for completing the problem does this learning. Ninetyseven primary teachers were asked to solve two geometrical proof problems in which a geometrical figure was provided. Using psychophysics we investigated to what extent human face recognition relies on local information in parts featural information and on their spatial relations configural information.
As such, subjects could not solve the task by using only elemental information i. Browse definition and pdf content selected by the elearning learning community. Configural learning and processing sensu pearce pearce, 1987. Face recognition is a remarkable human ability, which underlies a great deal of peoples social behavior. The extensive training provided by seibel 1963 lasted several months. Student transfer or generalization of their knowledge and skills is not spontaneous or automatic. Measurable and relatively permanent change in behavior through experience, instruction, or study. However, for psychologists, learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potentiality that occurs as a result of experience andor practice that is reinforced kimble, 1961. Learning and teaching definitions tqa manual introduction and contents the university has adopted the following definitions relating to terms appearing in learning and teaching documentation. Invariance definition of invariance by the free dictionary.
Input your email to sign up, or if you already have an account, log in here. Learning itself cannot be measured, but its results can be. Understanding what it takes to get that knowledge in and out or promote. For example, a child might learn how to complete a math problem in class, but this learning is not immediately apparent.
Animals with damage can learn configural tasks but learning is slow. Uoc summary this research aims to construct an uptodate and inclusive definition of the concept of elearning that can be accepted by the majority of the scientific community and which will serve as a framework of reference for experts and professionals in this field. In the experiments below, we test a hypothesis derived from a configural processing. Events typically occur in a specific context and the ability to assign importance to this occurrence plays a significant role in memory formation and recall. Further information about these definitions can be obtained from education quality and enhancement. Instead, they assume that compound stimuli are represented as configurations and that associations will develop between these configural representations and the unconditioned stimulus us. They show that configural learning is characterized by unique computational, behavioral, and neural signatures, including hippocampal activity, interactions between the hippocampus and striatum, and enhanced flexible knowledge. Theories of learning and teaching what do they mean for. The possibility of configural learning enhancing relational learning argues for testing these two types of learning during acquisition. Preserved configural learning and spatial learning impairment in. Moreover, students ability to transfer learning is.
Models of learning and performance tufts university. Experience influences elemental and configural perception of. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the modified achievement goal questionnaire across african american and white university students december 2008 educational and psychological. A java simulator of rescorla and wagners prediction error. Impaired spatial and nonspatial configural learning in.
A configural theory of attention and associative learning springerlink. The above definition stands in contrast to prevalent views of learning, which imply that it is a passive process of knowledge acquisition, with predictable and measurable outcomes. Whereas individual learning is selective, group learning is essentially political its outcomes depend largely on power playing in the group. Following configural learning, co becomes a risk signal and evokes behavioural responses phenotypically similar to those elicited by exposure to ce. According to those elemental theories, the associative strength of a compound is based on the sum of the.
The goal of this study is to identify the characteristics of preservice primary teachers configural reasoning, understood as the relationships between concepts and figures set to solve geometrical proof problems. As we worked with pr ospective and practicing teachers over the last three decades, we saw a need to emphasize the importance of developing a learning classroom based on relationships, relevance, and rigor. Finally, if learning occurs at a more abstract level associated with general features of the task sr translation, combining elements into configural patterns, performance should be similar across all three conditions at transfer. The two aims of this thesis were 1 to assess whether rats form configural representations of the spatiotemporal features of specific cues, and 2 to test the hypothesis. Apr 07, 20 psychology definition of configural learning.
Pdf comparing elemental and configural associative theories in. In recent years, numerous attempts have been made to develop methods and tech. Indeed, although commonly used in visual cognition studies, the term configural processing remains ambiguous as it can refer to different levels of compound stimulus processing. The elemental and configural approaches to associative learning are considered fundamentally distinct, with much theoretical and empirical work devoted to determining which one can better account for empirical data.
Browse definition, learning and pdf content selected by the elearning learning community. Most theories of associative learning assume that each element of a stimulus compound is represented separately and builds its own association with the reinforcer mackintosh, 1975, pearce and hall, 1980, rescorla and wagner, 1972. Learning is the process of acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences. Moreover, to overcome the rescorla wagner models inability to account for some temporal phenomena, realtime extensions, notably temporal difference 14, have been proposed. Experience influences elemental and configural perception. Establishing the legitimacy of learning styles depends on finding evidence to support this stylematching hypothesis. Configural learning learning in which the meaning of a stimulus depends on what other stimuli are paired with it.
Towards an inclusive definition of elearning barcelona. Students with a growth mindset focus on learning goals, are more willing to take on challenges, and rebound more easily from negative feedback and failures compared to students with a fixed mindset. Benchmarks for learning and teaching benchmarks for learning knowledge teaching moving from passive absorption of information individual activity individual differences among students seen as problems what. Generalizing learning to new contexts is not spontaneous. Configural definition is of or relating to a configuration. Configural learning learning in which the meaning of a.
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